Over the years of Intune deployments, I have searched for a way to let my end users know that an application is being installed or uninstalled from their computer. I have used things ranging from notification bubbles to blanking a screen. All of these methodologies are poor at best. I found a few paid items that companies just didn’t want to pay for due to the insanity of the pricing. For example, one company wanted us to pay 150 USD per deployment. Times that by 1500 devices, that adds up quickly. It wasn’t until I found the PowerShell App Deployment Toolkit that I found what I was finally looking for.
What is the PowerShell App Deployment Toolkit?
This toolkit is an immensely powerful and amazingly simple setup. You can download the tool kit here. It provides a framework to install and uninstall applications using PowerShell through a signed application. This allows us to deploy complex and confusing deployments as a single package. A good example would be AutoCAD. Recently, I was tasked with standardizing AutoCAD in a single department. Some members used AutoCAD 2016, some used 2024. This was a problem as the 2024 files did not work with the 2016 AutoCAD. Thus, I needed to uninstall the previous versions of AutoCAD before I installed the current version. As all files are backed up, I didn’t have to worry about them losing any files. The toolkit was perfect for this.
Key items I like of the toolkit
Simple packaging
Many application toolkits come with complex packaging. It’s normally an application that wraps itself around another application that keeps doing this until it’s all transparent. With the PowerShell App Deployment Toolkit, all you need to interact with is the deploy-application.ps1 file. That’s assuming you are doing more than an a MSI file. If you are only using an MSI file, all you need to do is drop the file in.
As you can see in the screen shot, this is the package. When you download the zip file, you will be greeted with this amazing structure. The Deploy-Application.ps1 is where our code will go. The Files folder is where the installer files would go. Following our auto cad example, the installer and updates would all be placed inside the Files folder.
Deploy-Application.ps1
This file has an amazing setup. It first has a wall of documentation inside the file itself. The file explains each step along the way. It is broken up into installation, uninstallation, and repair. Each section has a Pre, during and post process in each section. This is great if you need to kill some services, send a message or more. It’s also helpful because it gives you a structure to work within.
The Commands
Inside this packaging there are many useful commands. As I stated in the intro, it’s full of ways to communicate what you are doing with the end user. During an application install, you can show which applications needs to be turned off for the install to work by using the show-installationwelcome command.
This example shows us it wants to close the applications and gives the user a 60 second window to do so. This isn’t the only thing this command can do.
Other commands like execute-process, will launch processes that you need from the file directory and more. All while logging what’s going on. You can find a full help system for all the unique commands inside the tool kit. Navigate to the tool kit > AppDeployToolkit > AppDeployToolkithelp.ps1 will bring up a gui that allows you to read all about the commands.
Using the Toolkit with Intune
If you want the tool kit to work with the end user profile, then you will need to grab a unique little tool from MDT. We will need the ServiceUI.exe from the MDT software. You can download MDT here. Once you have the MDT installed. we need to pull the ServiceUI.exe out of the MDT install. Navigate to, C:\Program Files\Microsoft Deployment Toolkit\Templates\Distribution\Tools\x64 and copy the ServiceUI.exe file. Place this file in the home of your PowerShell App Deployment Toolkit file structure.
As you can see, the ServiceUI.exe is in the root folder. Now we need to create the package. We can create a win32 app package. I covered this here. This is the same concept.
The folder would be the folder with your toolkit
The setup file would be the Deploy-Application.exe
The output file would be wherever you want the Intune app to be dumped.
and we don’t need to catalog the folder.
Once you have your application built, it’s time to see how it works inside Intune. We start by building your application package. As stated in the previous blog, we start the application by uploading. The big difference here is our install and uninstall commands.
Understanding the commands
Our install command will be the using the ServiceUI.exe and the deploy-application.exe
By default, the Deploy-application.exe will be interactive. There are two flags for the Deploy-Application and here are what they are.
DeploymentType: (Super Straight forward)
Install: Installs the application
Uninstall: Uninstalls the application
Repair: repairs the application.
DeployMode:
Interactive: Shows all of the prompts needed.
NonInteractive: Only shows the required prompts.
Silent: Shows no prompts.
We can translate the command above by using these flags. By default the Deploy-application.exe is install and interactive. So, we know that the application would be prompted and the end user will see the command. The uninstall command will uninstall and it will be interactive. The ServiceUI.exe allows you to run applications as the user in and the system at the same time. The biggest issue with the ServiceUI.exe is the application will not install until someone logs in. No flags are needed here.
Over all, PSappdeploytoolkit changes the ball game with deployments. I encourage anyone and everyone to dig deeper into it.
What can we learn as a person today?
I live in the south of United states. From time to time I will hear people battling over belief systems. In my life time I have come to an understanding of how these systems work. I liken “objective truth” as fish in a sea. Our belief systems is the net we use to capture those fish. Some nets are better than others. The water of the sea is useless, distracting, or misinformation. It only makes it harder to bring those pieces of the objective truth into ourselves. A good net can capture a lot of fish, and let the water out at the same time. A bad net, like a tarp, captures some but becomes unmanageable due to the water. This is the same way with our beliefs. We are only strong enough to lift so much at different points in our lives.
Premade Nets
I see organized religions as premade nets. Think of it like a tool kit. It’s a format that is easy to use and allows you to do stuff with it. Does the toolkit work for everyone, no. Just like this PowerShell toolkit, it would be useless in a world without powershell. So chromeOS, this toolkit isn’t useful. This is the same with some beliefs. They are useful where they are, but not useful in other places. Sometimes these toolkits/nets, are useful for some but not others. If you don’t know PowerShell, this toolkit wouldn’t be useful to you. If you are shame sensitive, some religions are not for you.
Everyone has their own tool set or net. No single tool set is inherently bad. It’s how we use them and where we use them. If you take a net to a small pond, get ready to waste your time and damage your net. If you throw your net aggressively into a aggressive sea, get ready to lose that net.
Homemade Nets
Once someone understands how the nets are made and how to repair them, It’s always best for them to start building their own nets using the techniques they have used on their previous nets. By having a net/toolset of your own, this allows you to have full knowledge and be able to repair quickly. This belief system would be uniquely yours and different from others. So, when it breaks, you can grow it, replace parts, and more without having any problems. It’s yours and no one elses.
This past month I was given a task to Uninstall a few applications in Intune. However, the app’s uninstall feature did not work according to plan. However, a bunch of these worked with the cim methods of uninstall. Which I thought was funny. After writing a bunch of the same code over and over again, I decided to write a General Uninstaller for Intune. This also requires a custom Detection Script.
Here we have a general uninstaller for Intune. This script allows us to feed the product name as is or we can add wild cards to the name. We start off the script by grabbing the product names from the user. This will be done during the intune setup. When it deploys, the first thing this script does is grab all the applications inside the win32_product. If the application didn’t register in this windows system, then this script is going to be pointless for you.
Once we have the products, we go through each Product Name. We first check to see if the product is on the system. If it isn’t, we output success and exit with a unique exit code. This will be used later. However, if the product is on the machine, we grab the install location. Then we pipe the product into the uninstall method in the cim method command. Finally, we see if the install location exists inside the installed object. Some applications give us this information some don’t. Some give us multiple locations while others don’t.
To work around this, we check if install location property is null. If it isn’t null, then we move on and start a loop. The loop is only because some install locations have more than one location. Then we test if the file path still exists. Sometimes, the applications uninstaller will remove the folder, sometimes, it doesn’t and that’s why we test. If the file location is there still, we remove it with a good old force and recurse. Finally, we exit with the unique exit code.
With any custom script installs or uninstalls, a custom detection script is necessary. The first step is to grab the product names. Just like before, it’s a list of strings. So they can do more than one. Then we grab all the products with our cim instance and win32_product. Then we loop through each product name and see if the product exists still. If it does, we exit with a 1. This basically says, I failed! Intune needs a string and an exit code of 0 to be successful. The exit of 1 without the string ends the script and without that string, intune assumes failure. However, if we go through them all, and none trigger the exit, then we are safe to exit with a 0 and the beautiful word success.
Building it out in Intune.
Building the IntuneWin File
The first thing you will need to do is save your script into a folder and then download the WinIntuneApp, aka, Win32 Prep Tool, to package up the powershell script. Unpackage this tool and start up your command prompt. The application will guide you through the process of setting up a intunewin app.
General Uninstaller for Intune
Please specify the source folder: This is the folder that will have your script inside of it. If you wanted to create something more complex, this part would change your way of deployment. Future blog post coming.
Please Specify the setup file: This is going to be the powershell name. General-Uninstall.ps1
please specify the output folder: This is the folder that the intunewin file will be dropped.
Do you want to specify catalog folder (Y/N)? This one is for more advanced packages. We can say no to this option for this setup.
Setting Up Intune for Your Uninstaller
Now we have the IntuneWin file. It’s time to setup the intune Deployment. This is where you will be able to add things like the productname to our General Uninstaller for Intune.
Navigate to Endpoint Manager
Click Apps
Click Windows
Click Add
Click the Select App Package File.
Add the General-Uninstall.IntuneWin file.
Click ok
Change the Name
Click the edit Description and add a detailed description for other users. Make sure to provide instructions on what to do with the detection script.
The publisher can be your company or in my case self.
The gategory is going to be computer management as it is a general uninstaller.
Feel free to add any additional information. Link this blog post if you wish for the information URL.
The Uninstall command can be as simple as a removal file.
Device Restart Behavior: Determine behavior based on return codes
Return Codes: Remember that unique exit code we had in the script. This is where you would place that code. I have it as 1212 is a success.
The next screen the requirement screen. We can do a lot with this screen, but we don’t need to here.
Operating System Architecture:
32
64
Minimum Operating System: Windows 10 1607.
Now we need to setup the custom detection.
Select User A custom Detection Script
Validate your product names to be uninstalled.
Upload and click next.
Accept the defaults for Dependencies and Supersedences.
The final screen is where you are able to assign the script to people. There are three sections. Required, aviable for enrolled devices and uninstall. This is where you will select who is going to get what.
Testing, Monitoring, and deployment
The assignment area is where you assign the script to who you want. This is very important. Here is where you would want to test the users. Have a test group and apply it first. H
Deploy the uninstall app to the test device group.
Monitor the Intune deployment status for the app to ensure successful deployment to devices/users.
Test if the application is still on a target computer. This can be done with control pannel, powershell, and more options.
Redefine and correct any issues and restart the testing.
Deploy
What can we learn as a person today?
When was the last time you threw a rock? How about a rock in a lakes? The last time you did, did you notice the ripples? Just like a deployment like this can cause ripples in your company, removing things from your life can cause just as many ripples in yourself. Make sure you are ready to let go of that thing you are holding onto. It’s always a good idea to test it out, or have a support group to help you. Those ripples can do some damage. So be ready to Uninstall parts of your life before you do it.
Recently I was working with a company that gave me a really locked down account. I wasn’t use to this as I have always had some level of read only access in each system. I was unable to create a graph API application either. So, I was limited to just my account. This was a great time to use the newer command lines for graph Api as when you connect to Graph API using the PowerShell module, you inherit the access your account has. So today we will Get Intune Devices with PowerShell and Graph API.
The Script
Function Get-IntuneComputer {
[cmdletbinding()]
param (
[string[]]$Username,
[switch]$Disconnect
)
begin {
#Connects to Graph API
#Installs the Module
if ($null -eq (Get-Module Microsoft.Graph.Intune)) {Install-module Microsoft.Graph.Intune}
#Imports module
Import-Module Microsoft.Graph.Intune
#Tests current Connection with a known computer
$test = Get-IntuneManagedDevice -Filter "deviceName eq 'AComputer'"
#If the test is empty, then we connect
if ($null -eq $test) {Connect-MSGraph}
}
process {
#Checks to see if the username flag was used
if ($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Username')) {
#if it was used, then we go through each username get information
$ReturnInfo = foreach ($User in $Username) {
Get-IntuneManagedDevice -Filter "userPrincipalName eq '$User'" | select-object deviceName,lastSyncDateTime,manufacturer,model,isEncrypted,complianceState
}
} else {
#Grabs all of the devices and simple common information.
$ReturnInfo = Get-IntuneManagedDevice | Get-MSGraphAllPages | select-object deviceName,lastSyncDateTime,manufacturer,model,isEncrypted,complianceState,userDisplayName,userPrincipalName
}
}
end {
#Returns the information
$ReturnInfo
#Disconnects if we want it.
if ($Disconnect) {Disconnect-MgGraph}
}
}
The Breakdown
Parameters
We enter the script with the common parameters. Command let binding flag. This gives us additional parameters like verbose. Next, we have a list of strings called Username. We are using a list of strings to allow us to have multiple inputs. Doing this, we should be able to use a list of usernames and get their Intune Device information. Note that this is a multiple input parameter, thus, you will need to deal with it with a loop later. Next is the Disconnect switch. It’s either true or not. By default, this script will keep connected to Intune.
Connecting to Intune
Next we will connect to the Intune system. First, we need to check and install the module. We check the install by using the get-module command. We are looking for the Microsoft.Graph.Intune module. If it doesn’t exist, we want to install it.
if ($null -eq (Get-Module Microsoft.Graph.Intune)) {Install-module Microsoft.Graph.Intune}
If the module does exist, we will simply skip the install and move to the import. We will be using the importing the same module
Import-Module Microsoft.Graph.Intune
Afterwards, We want to test the connection to Microsoft Intune. The best way to do this is to test a command. You can do it however you want. I am testing against a device that is in Intune.
We will be using this command later. Notice the filter. We are filter the deviceName here. Replace the ‘AComputer’ with whatever you want. If you want to use another command, feel free. This was the fastest command that tested. The above command will produce a null response if you are not connect. Thus, we can test, $test with an if statement. If it comes back with information, we are good, but if it is null, we tell it to connect.
if ($null -eq $test) {Connect-MSGraph}
Get Intune Devices with PowerShell
Now it’s time to Get Intune Devices with PowerShell. The first thing we check to see is if we used a username parameter. We didn’t make this parameter mandatory to give the script flexibility. Now, we need to code for said flexibility. If the command contained the Username flag, we want to honor that usage. We do this with the PowerShell Bound Parameters. The PowerShell Bound Parameters is the – that come after the command. We are looking to see if it contains a key of username. If it does, we want to grab the needed information with the username. While if it doesn’t, we grab everything.
if ($PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('Username')) {
#Grab based on username
} else {
#get every computer
}
As we spoke about the list of string parameter needing a loop, this is where we are going to do that. We first create a foreach loop of users for the username. Here, the we will dump the gathered information into a Return variable of $ReturnInfo. Inside our loop, we gather the requried information. The Get-IntuneManagedDevice command filter will need to use the userPrincipalName. These filters are string filters and not object filters. Thus, the term like will cause issues. This is why we are using the equal term.
Now, if we are not searching the Username, we want to grab all the devices on the network. This way if you run the command without any flags, you will get information. Here, we use the Get-IntuneManagedDevice followed by the Get-MSGraphAllPages to capture all the pages in question.
Now it’s time to end the script. We want to return the information gathered. I want to know some basic information. The commands presented produces a large amount of data. In this case we will be selecting the following:
Finally, we test to see if we wanted to disconnect. A simple if statement does this. If we choose to disconnect we run the Disconnect-MgGraph command.
if ($Disconnect) {Disconnect-MgGraph}
What can we learn as a person
In PowerShell, we can stream line the output that we get. Often times commands like these produce a lot of useless but useful information. It’s not useful at the moment. This is like our work enviroment. I use to be a big advacate of duel, and not more screens. I would often have 5 things going on at once. My desk use to have everything I needed to quickly grab and solve a personal problem. For example, my chapstick sat on my computer stand. My water bottle beside the monitor. Papers, sticky notes, and more all scattered accross my desk. I wondered why I couldn’t focus. Our brains are like batteries. How much focus is the charge. Our brains take in everything. Your brain notices the speck of dirt on the computer monitor and the sticky note, without your password on it, hanging from your monitor. This takes your charge.
Having two monitors is great and I still use two. However, I have a focused monitor and a second monitor for when I need to connect to something else. At some point I will get a larger wider monitor and drop the second one all together. Having less allows your brain to grab more attention on one or two tasks. Someone like myself, I have more than one task going at any moment. That’s ok with my brain. Let’s use our Select-object command in real life and remove the distractions from our desks.
It’s time to Install Sentinel One. In this blog, we are going to go through the process of installing Sentinel One through Intune. We are going to be using the IntuneWinAppUtil program, and the MSI download of Sentinel one that you can obtain from your Sentinel one login portal. I will not go over how to download the msi installer.
File/Folder Structure
The next item you will need is the Microsoft Win32 Content Prep Tool [Link]. Once you have downloaded this file, I suggest creating a file structure as follows
Intune
Files
IntuneWin
After that, Extract the intunewinapputil.exe file to the top level of your file structure, intune. Place the MSI inside the Files location. Then we should be ready to run intunewinapputil.exe. Before you do, I always suggest reading the help by using the /? command line prompt. Here is the command we are going to use to convert our file.
Intune Win App Util
.\IntuneWinAppUtil.exe -c c:\Intune\Files -s SentinelOneInstaller.msi - o c:\Intune\IntuneWin
Afterward, we use the command above to convert our file into a intune installer file. This will give us a large amount of control. Things like detection rules, custom msi inputs and more. Which we will be using.
Intune – Setting up the installer
Next, It’s time to crack open the intune process. Log in to https://endpoint.microsoft.com/ with an account with intune rights.
Once you have logged into the endpoint management system. Click the Apps on the left-hand side of the screen.
Since we are deploying sentinel one to windows machines, under by platform, click the windows icon.
Uploading the Installer
Now we are going to click the add button on the right-hand side of the screen. This will bring up the add dialog box. We are deploying out the final option. Click the Windows App (Win32) option.
You will be brought to an upload page. Here you select the app package file and click the blue button on the right-hand side of the screen. This is where we go to the file we created in the previous steps. We upload the file here. Once it uploads it will populate the information like name and other items. Click ok to move to the app information page.
Setting the rules
Here we can change the name. Add a unique, html, description. Update the publisher, the application version and more. The category we are going to select is computer management. They show this as a featured app in the company portal. You want to check that one. This allows people to download this version of perch. If you want to feel in any of the other information you are welcome to. Once you have the required information, click next to go to the Program page. Where we determine how to install this application.
Adding the Key
On this page, we want to show the install and uninstall commands. This is where research comes into play. If you don’t know the silent install command of your program then that’s a problem. If you don’t know how your program responds to installs and the error codes or success codes it produces. that’s also a problem. You will need to know these things for other applications. Sentinel One is unique as it’s commands is a little different. Here is the install command:
Keep the uninstall command the same. As the MSI installer of Sentinel One is the app code. The biggest problem with the uninstall command with S1 is that it doesn’t work without prior approval. You have to log into the S1 Portal and approve its uninstall. Keep the default and continue.
Another thing to point out, this kicked my tail, the SITE_TOKEN does not have a /, I repeat NO /.
On this page, we can scan the system to make sure we meet the requirements. So if you know this is a heavy application, you can say to have at least 8GB of ram. You can even have PowerShell scripts that can trigger. A good example would be a user. If user Bob is on this PC don’t install it. The required items are the OS Arch and the minimum os. Which is going to be windows 10 1607 as that is intune’s min. Don’t get this confused with the next item. These are the requirements. Not meeting the requirements will prevent the app from installing. Once you have added what you want, click next.
On this page, we are going to select any dependencies that the application may need. Something unique about Sentinel One is, it will capture all of your custom PowerShell deployments. It’s best to set those as dependencies on this installer. This way they will deploy before S1 does. S1, doesn’t need any additional dependencies from my current knowledge and testing.
Detection Rules
We are going to use a Powershell Script to validate the install. Click on the Rule Format and select Use Custom Detection script. Upload your script file using the blue folder icon.
This script checks for the Sentinel Agent every 30 seconds after installation. Then it increases my timer, by 30. It finally stops at 300 seconds. If services are null, it just exits, and thus a failure is seen in intune. If it is installed, it exits with a string. This tells the system that the installation was successful. What I like about this part is, that if the edit needs to be done, it can be done at this point using PowerShell.
The next screen supersedence is where you can choose what will replace the application. This is a preview feature at the moment and the idea is for upgrades. The final section is the Assignment, this is where you will select a group of devices for S1 to deploy out to.
I hope this is helpful for everyone viewing this page.
Recently I covered how to install perch using PowerShell. Today we are going to Install Perch Log Shipper with Intune. This is very useful for tools like continuum where there is very few software deployment tools built-in. Intune is a powerful tool that you can use to deploy software for a client. Today we are going to be looking at how to deploy Perch through intune.
The first thing we need is a fresh perch installer. You can acquire one here. [link]. Once you have the installer, you will need to download the Microsoft Win32 Content Prep Tool [Link]. Let’s setup our directory like so. Top Folder = Intune. Two subfolders, one called Files and the other called intunewin. Extract the exe from the Microsoft win32 content prep tool to the intune folder. Copy the perch installer to the files folder. Now we have a setup that is easy to remember.
By default, you can not deploy EXE programs via intune. You must convert them to the win32 application or a .intunewin file. The tool you just downloaded can do just that. The Tools name is IntuneWinAppUtil.exe.
IntuneWinAppUtil.exe
Start a command prompt and navigate to your intune folder using the CD command. Run the intunewinapputil.exe /? command to view the help selection. Notice we are going to be using the -c -s and -o commands. Here is the following command you will use to convert the perch installer into a intunewin application.
Now we have a perch installer for Intune. Lets move to intune and take a look.
Intune Apps
It’s time to crack open the Intune process. Log in to https://endpoint.microsoft.com/ with an account with intune rights.
Once you have logged into the endpoint management system. Click the Apps on the left-hand side of the screen.
Since we are deploying perch to windows machines, under by platform, click the windows icon.
Now we are going to click the add button on the right-hand side of the screen. This will bring up the add dialog box. We are deploying out the final option. Click the Windows App (Win32) option.
Upload the Package
Afterward, we are brought to the app page. Here you select the app package file and click the blue button on the right-hand side of the screen. This is where we go to the file we created in the previous steps. We upload the file here. Once it uploads it will populate the information like name and other items. Click ok to move to the app information page.
App Information
Here we can change the name. Add a unique, html, description. Update the publisher, the application version and more. The category we are going to select is computer management. The show this as a featured app in the company portal. You want to check that one. This allows people to download this version of perch. If you want to feel in any of the other information you are welcome to. Once you have the required information, click next to go to the Program page. Where we determine how to install this application.
Program Information
On this page we want to show the install and uninstall command. This is where research comes into play. If you don’t know the silent install command of your program then that’s a problem. If you don’t know how your program responds to installs and the error codes or success codes it produces. that’s also a problem. You will need to know these things for other applications. Thankfully perch follows the basic ones. Here is the installer command:
Once you have the installer and uninstaller in place, click the next button to go to the requirement page.
Requirements
On this page, we can scan the system to make sure we meet the requirements. So if you know this is a heavy application, you can say to have at least 8GB of ram. You can even have PowerShell scripts that can trigger. A good example would be a user. If user Bob is on this PC don’t install. The required items are the OS Arch and the minimum os. Which is going to be windows 10 1607 as that is intunes min. Don’t get this confused with the next item. These are the requirements. Once you have added what you want, click next.
Dependencies
On this page, we are going to select any dependencies that the application may need. For example, let’s say your application needs 7-zip. Set up an install for 7 zip and make it a dependency and have it install the dependency. One hack I found is if you know the app is going to break other apps while installing as the ITS Platform does, then you can set the other applications as dependants and install them. Thankfully perch does not have any additional dependants. So, when it does it’s taxes, life is easier. (American joke).
Detection Rules
Detection is very important. if the rule doesn’t exist, then intune has no idea if it was installed. If the detection policy is incorrect, the same issue. It’s very wise to know what you are looking for. In this case perch always installs on c:\program files\perch. So we will select the manual to configure detection rule. Then select add. We will select a file from the drop-down list and enter the folder path of c:\program files and the folder name perch. Then click folder or existing file. That’s your detection policy.
Group Assignments
In like fashion, The next window of importance is the Assign. If you want the app to deploy with autopilot, you must select the app as required, or be tied into another application install dependency. Here we are adding a group of computers. This is very common. The other options are available for enrolled devices. If the computer has the company portal, they can download it without needing admin rights. The final option is to uninstall which would uninstall from the select computers.
Finally, the last page is to review all the settings. Once you click save the file will upload and it might take some time. The bigger the file the longer it will take. This is how you Install Perch Log Shipper with Intune.
Conclusion
Hopefully this guide helped you through the process of setting up an Install Perch Log Shipper with Intune
About Me
hello and welcome to The Random Admin. This blog was born out of a love for teaching and learning new things. Over the years, I have learned the best way to learn something deeper, is to teach it. This blogs main focuses are, Information Technology and Mental health. If you find it helpful, let me know. As always, if you have any questions feel free to reach out.
